Probablistic Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling

ABSTRACT

The subject matter disclosed herein provides a response to a dose of a substance and/or controls the administration of the dose. In one aspect, there is provided a system. The system may include a processor and at least one memory configured to provide a response determinator. The response determinator may receive therapeutic and wellness data. Moreover, the response determinator may determine a response based on the received therapeutic and wellness data. The response may represent a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker. The determined response may be provided to, for example, a therapy controller. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also described.

CROSS-REFERENCE To RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/163,359, filed Mar. 25, 2009 and titled “Probabilistic Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling”, incorporated by reference for all purposes in the Present Application.

INTRODUCTION

Pharmacokinetics (PK) refers to determining the effects of a substance, such as a drug, a nutrient, a metabolite, a hormone, a toxin, and any other compound, administered to an organism, such as a human. For example, pharmacokinetics includes analyzing the mechanisms of absorption and distribution of an administered drug, the rate at which a drug action begins, the duration of the effect, chemical changes of the substance in the organism (e.g., by enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Unlike pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (PD) refers to determining what the substance does to the organism. For example, pharmacodynamics includes analyzing drug actions on the organism, such as whether the drug depresses, stimulates, destroys, irritates, or replaces substances within the organism. Pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics may be used to determine the administration of the substance to the organism.

SUMMARY

The subject matter disclosed herein provides a response and/or controls the administration of one or more doses.

In one aspect, there is provided a system. The system may include a processor and at least one memory configured to provide a response determinator. The response determinator may receive therapeutic and wellness data. Moreover, the response determinator may determine a response based on the received therapeutic and wellness data. The response may represent a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker. The determined response may be provided to, for example, a therapy controller.

In another aspect, there is provided a system. The system may include a processor and at least one memory configured to provide a therapy controller. The therapy controller may receive a response representing a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker. Moreover, the therapy controller may receive therapeutic and wellness data. Furthermore, at least one of a dose of the substance and a time of the dose of the substance may be controlled based on the received response and the received therapeutic and wellness data.

In one aspect, there is provided a method. The method may include receiving therapeutic and wellness data including ingestible event marker data and determining a response based on the received therapeutic and wellness data. The response may represent a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker. The determined response may be provided to, for example, a therapy controller.

In another aspect, there is provided a method. The method may include receiving a response representing a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker; receiving therapeutic and wellness data; and controlling, based on the received response and the received therapeutic and wellness data, at least one of a dose of the substance and a time of the dose of the substance.

In one aspect, there is computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may include instructions to configure a processor to perform a method. The method may include receiving therapeutic and wellness data and determining a response based on the received therapeutic and wellness data. The response may represent a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker. The determined response may be provided to, for example, a therapy controller.

In one aspect, there is computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may include instructions to configure a processor to perform a method. The method may include receiving a response representing a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker; receiving therapeutic and wellness data; and controlling, based on the received response and the received therapeutic and wellness data, at least one of a dose of the substance and a time of the dose of the substance.

One or more of the above aspects may also include one or more of the following features. The therapeutic and wellness data may include ingestible event marker data received from the ingestible event marker integrated with the substance. The ingestible event marker may provide a signal when the substance is ingested. The therapeutic and wellness data may include data representative of physiological aspects associated with the ingestion of the ingestible event marker and the substance. The therapeutic and wellness data may include one or more of the following: an ingestion time; an identification of the substance; an expiration date of the substance; a dosage amount for the substance; one or more physiological parameters associated with the reaction to at least one dose of the substance; a dosage of an intravenous substance; a heart rate; a blood pressure measurement; an optical measurement; a body temperature; a weight; an amount of an inhalant; an inhalation time; an identity of an inhaled substance; a galvanic skin response; an insertion time; and a drinking time. The response determinator may further determine the response as a function of the therapeutic and wellness data. The response determinator may determine the response as a response matrix, H, according to the following equation:

H=(A ^(T) A)⁻¹ A ^(T) Y,

wherein A represents one or more times that a dose of the substance is ingested, A^(T) represents a transpose of matrix A, (A^(T) A)⁻¹ represents an inverse of a matrix multiplication of matrix A and matrix A^(T), and Y represents a matrix of observations comprising the therapeutic and wellness data.

Moreover, a therapy controller may be configured to control, based on the response, at least one of an amount the substance and a time of the substance is ingested. The therapy controller may include a closed-loop to control at least one of the dose of the substance and the time of the dose of the substance. The therapy controller may use a closed-loop to vary an input to the response to generate an output of the response, and the output may correspond to at least one of the dose of the substance and the time of the dose of the substance. The response may be determined based on the reaction of at least one of an individual patient, a population, and a subset of the population.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive. Further features and/or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the implementations described herein may be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and subcombinations of several further features disclosed below in the detailed description.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Such incorporations include United States Patent Application Publication No. 20080284599 published on Nov. 20, 2008 titled “Pharma-Informatics System”; United States Patent Application Publication No. 20090135886 titled “Transbody Communication Systems Employing Communication Channels”, United States Patent Application No. 20090082645, published on Mar. 26, 2009 titled “In-Body Device With Virtual Dipole Signal Amplification”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/546,017 filed Sep. 21, 2009 titled, “Communication System With Partial Power Source”; PCT Patent Application No. US09/68128 filed Dec. 15, 2009 titled “Body-Associated Receiver and Method”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/398,941, filed Mar. 5, 2009 titled Multi-Mode Communication Ingestible Event Marker System, and Methods of Using the Same.

Such incorporations further include Patent Applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”), to include PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2006/016370, filed Apr. 28, 2006; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US07/82563, filed Oct. 17, 2007; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2008/52845 filed Feb. 1, 2008; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2006/016370 published as WO/2006/116718; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2007/082563 published as WO/2008/052136; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2007/024225 published as WO/2008/063626; PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2007/022257 published as WO/2008/066617.

The publications discussed or mentioned herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Furthermore, the dates of publication provided herein may differ from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings,

FIG. 1 depicts a system including an ingestible event marker (IEM);

FIG. 2 depicts an IEM data system including a therapy controller and a response determinator;

FIGS. 3A-B depict plots of serum concentration over time;

FIG. 4 depicts a plot of blood pressure over time, when a patient is given medication integrated with the IEM;

FIG. 5 depicts a plot of a response;

FIG. 6 depicts a process for determining a response based on IEM data;

FIG. 7 depicts a therapy controller; and

FIG. 8 depicts a process for controlling therapy.

Like labels will be used to refer to the same or similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject matter described herein may provide a system including a response determinator configured to provide a response representative of at least one of an amount of a dose (e.g., an amount) of a substance and a time the dose should be administered. Moreover, a therapy controller may also be provided. The therapy controller may use a response, such as the response determined by the response determinator, to control the administration of the substance. Before the response determinator and therapy controller are described in detail with respect to FIGS. 2-8, FIG. 1 provides an example framework in which the response determinator and therapy controller may be used.

FIG. 1 depicts a system 100 including an ingestible event marker (IEM) 110, wellness devices 112, one or more receivers 130A-B, therapeutic and wellness data 135, a hub 140, one or more IEM data systems 150, and one or more commercial systems 165. The therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include IEM data from the IEM 110 and/or other data from the wellness devices 112. For example, therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include IEM data representative of events, such as drug ingestion, intravenous medication delivery, and the like. The wellness data may include physiologic data, such as heart rate, activity, and other metrics, described below.

The IEM 110 refers to a device that may be, for example, ingested, and may be integrated with a substance, such as a drug, a nutrient, a metabolite, a hormone, a toxin, and any other compound. The IEM 110 may mark the ingestion as an event. The IEM 110 may include an identifier activated upon contact with a target site, such as the internal digestive tract of an organism. Once activated, the identifier of the IEM 110 provides (e.g., generates, emits, transmits, etc.) a signal, which may be detected by the receiver 130B described further below.

Although the above describes the target site as the digestive tract, the target site may be any location that activates the IEM 110 or the identifier of the IEM 110. For example, the target site may include physiological sites, a location in the gastrointestinal tract, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and the like. Moreover, the identifier of IEM 110 is configured to be activated upon contact with fluid in the target site. The IEM 110 may also mark other events associated with a therapy, such as an inhalation event, an injection event, an implantation, an insertion event, and the like For example, the IEM 110 may be integrated into an intravenous (IV) bag, a syringe, an inhaler, and/or other devices to mark therapeutic events associated with those devices.

The signal emitted by the identifier of IEM 110 may be a generic signal, such as a signal that merely identifies that the IEM 110 has contacted the target site, or a unique signal, such as a signal uniquely identifying a particular IEM 110 from a plurality of other IEMs. For example, the signal may be unique in the sense that the signal is unique to a dose, e.g., each dose has an identifier signal that is unique when compared to other doses, or to a batch, e.g., the doses within a batch have the same identifier signal but that signal is different from other signals from other batches. The signal from the IEM 110 may either directly convey information about a given event, or provide an identifying code, which may be used to retrieve information about the event from a database linking the identifying code with a composition bound to the IEM 110.

The identifier of IEM 110 may generate a variety of signals including radio frequency (RF) signals, magnetic signals, conductive (near field) signals, acoustic signals, etc. The transmission time of the identifier sent by the IEM 110 may vary from about 0.1 microseconds to about 48 hours or longer. The identifier of IEM 110 may be transmitted once or repeatedly transmitted to provide redundancy, enhancing the ability of receiver 130 to detect the identifier of IEM 110. The identifier of IEM 110 may be dimensioned to be orally ingestible, e.g., either by itself or upon combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier component of the composition to produce a composition that can be readily administered to a subject in need of the composition. For example, the IEM 110 may be dimensioned to have a width ranging from about 0.05 millimeters to about 2 or more millimeters, although other sizes may be used as well. The identifier of IEM 110 may take a variety of different configurations, such as a chip configuration, a cylinder configuration, a spherical configuration, a disc configuration, and/or any other configuration suitable for its intended application, method of manufacture, etc.

The identifier of IEM 110 may be programmable, field programmable, mass programmable, fuse programmable, and/or reprogrammable. In some implementations, the signal generated by the identifier of IEM 110 may be determined after production, e.g., after initial production and following incorporation into a substance, such as a drug.

Although a variety of technologies may be used, in some implementations, radio frequency identification (RFID) smart tag technology may be used in the identifier of IEM 110. With RFID or other smart tag technology, a manufacturer or a vendor may associate a unique identifier code with a given identifier of IEM 110, even after the identifier has been incorporated into the composition, medication, and the like. Moreover, each individual or entity involved in the handling of the composition before use may introduce information into the identifier of IEM 110, which can be included in the signal emitted by the IEM 110.

The identifier of IEM 110 may include a memory element having variable capacity. For example, the memory element of IEM 110 may have a capacity ranging from about 1 bit to about 1 gigabyte or more.

In some implementations, the identifier of IEM 110 may include an activation component and a signal generation component. The activation component activates the signal generation component to provide a signal, e.g., by emission or upon interrogation, following contact of the IEM 110 with the target site, such as the stomach. The activation of the identifier of IEM 110 may be achieved in a number of different ways, including battery completion, battery connection, etc. In the case of battery completion, the activation component employs a battery that includes a cathode, an anode, and, when completed, an electrolyte. The electrolyte is made up, at least in part, by fluid present at the target site. For example, when the IEM 110 travels through the esophagus and enters the stomach, the stomach fluids activate an ingested IEM 110. In this example, the cathode and anode provided in the IEM 110 do not constitute a full battery. However, when the cathode and anode are exposed to stomach fluid, the stomach fluid acts as the electrolyte component of the battery and completes the battery. Therefore, as the IEM 110 contacts the target site, a power source is provided which activates the identifier of the IEM, and a signal is then transmitted.

In some implementations, the battery that is employed is one that comprises two dissimilar electrochemical materials comprising the anode and the cathode of the battery. When the electrode materials are exposed and come in contact with the target site, such as stomach acid or other types of fluid, a voltage may be generated between the electrodes as a result of the respective oxidation and reduction reactions that occur. The two dissimilar materials in an electrolyte are at different potentials. As an example, copper and zinc when put into a cell have different potentials. Similarly, gold and magnesium have different potentials.

The wellness devices 112 may include one or more of the following devices: a sensor, an intravenous delivery mechanism, a syringe, a pacemaker, a blood pressure sensor, a blood glucose monitor, an optical device for measuring blood serum, a temperature sensor, a heart rate monitor, an intelligent scale, intelligent blood pressure cuffs, an intelligent refrigerator monitoring usage of its contents, or any other mechanism configured to provide data usable in system 100. For example, in some implementations, a device, such as a mobile phone, computer, and the like, is configured with an application to allow a user to provide subjective measures of wellness, e.g., input into a browser a perceived wellness on a scale of 1-10.

Moreover, the wellness devices 112 may be “intelligent” devices, which refer to one or more devices capable of generating and/or communicating data via a communication link, such as a wired and/or a wireless link, to a destination. The wellness devices 112 may also be configured to provide the therapeutic and wellness data 135 to at least one of the receivers 130A-B using a wired and/or a wireless link. For example, a heart rate monitor may provide heart rate measurements wirelessly to a receiver 130A specifically configured to operate only with the heart rate monitor, or may provide the measurements to receiver 130B configured to accept the heart rate measurements and the signal from the IEM 110.

The wellness devices 112 may generate data, which may be included in, processed with, and/or correlated with IEM data provided by IEMs to form therapeutic and wellness data 135. This therapeutic and wellness data 135 is then forwarded to the hub 140, IEM data systems 150, and/or commercial systems 165. The wellness devices 112 may be attachable, implantable, semi-implantable, or otherwise associated with an organism, such as the human body.

The system 100 may include one or more receivers 130A-B. The receivers 130A-B may detect (e.g., receive, decode, and the like), and forward data received from a device, such as the IEM 110 or a wellness device 112. For example, the receiver 130B may receive a signal from the IEM 110, decode the signal into data, and forward the IEM data, as therapeutic and wellness data 135, to hub 140 and an IEM data system 150. The receivers 130A-B may receive, from IEM 110 and/wellness devices 112, the signal carrying data via a wireless link, a wired link, or a combination of both.

The receivers 130A-B may be implemented in various ways, including an implantable device, a semi-implantable device, such as a subcutaneous device, and an externally applied device, such as a personal signal receiver. One example of a personal signal receiver is a “patch” receiver removably affixed to the skin or apparel of a user. In some implementations, receiver 130A may be implemented as a personal health signal receiver associated with the body, e.g., located inside or within close proximity to a body, configured to receive and decode a signal from an in vivo transmitter located inside the body.

Although FIG. 1 depicts receiver 130A and B as separate, in some implementations, the receivers 130A-B may be implemented as a single receiver configured to receive signals, or data carried by the signals, from IEM 110 and wellness devices 112, and then forward the data to hub 140, IEM data systems 150, and/or commercial systems 165.

In implementations where the receiver is affixed or otherwise associated with an individual user, programming logic associated with the receiver 130A-B may receive a signal carrying actual data samples of the individual, e.g., from data sources including heart devices, IEM 110, etc. The receiver 130A-B may communicate the actual data samples received from the data sources and the unique identifier(s) received from the IEM(s) to a processor, e.g., a computer at IEM data system 150. The processor may compare the actual data samples of the individual with the unique identifier to verify that the medication was actually ingested by the particular patient for whom it was prescribed. In various aspects, predetermined actions based on the verification outcome may be taken, e.g., alerts may be sent to a device associated with the commercial system 165, such as a prescription system used by a prescribing physician or a pharmacist.

In some implementations, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be generated, received, gathered, etc., from one or more sources including IEM 110 and/or wellness devices 112. Moreover, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may comprise various structures, content, types, and the like, and may be provided by the IEM 110 and/or the wellness devices 112.

The therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include data associated with at least one of an ingestion event (which is signaled by an IEM 110 and received at a receiver 1308) and a response to the ingestion event. The ingestion event, which is signaled by IEM 110, may be associated with, for example, data related to and/or gathered during transit through the alimentary system, e.g., oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, etc. For example, the IEM 110 may provide IEM data in response to ingestion event, and the corresponding IEM data may include one or more of the following: an ingestion time, identification of ingested substance (also referred to as a composition, drug, medication, and the like), an expiration date of an associated medication, dosage of an ingested substance, etc.

The information about a response to the ingestion event may include, for example, physiologic parameter(s), such as a physiologic status or physiologic change event based on the ingestion event. A physiologic status may be, for example, a heart rate, a blood pressure measurement, and the like which are ascertained in close temporal proximity to the time of ingestion. Moreover, the information about a response to the ingestion event may be obtained from the IEM 110, wellness devices 112, and the corresponding receivers 130A-B.

Moreover, the generation of therapeutic and wellness data 135 via multiple IEMs 110 and wellness devices 112 may provide comprehensive data reporting, e.g., data generated from multiple ingestion events of multiple IEMs 110 over a time interval, data generated from multiple IEMs 110 ingested at approximately the same time, etc. In this manner, comprehensive therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be provided. In some implementations, this comprehensive data may provide enhanced therapy, when compared to approaches using single events or single sources of data.

In various aspects, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be communicated to, i.e., received by, a receiver, such as receiver 130B. Moreover, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include data not associated with an ingestion event or a response. For example, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may one or more of the following: an amount or dosage of a substance delivered intravenously, a time associated with the delivery of a substance or dosage, a heart rate measurement, a blood pressure measurement, optical measurements of the blood, a body temperature, a weight, a heart rate, a physiologic parameter, and the like.

The therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include IEM data, which further includes a unique identifier, e.g., the unique identifier of an individual may be further associated with heart rate variability, breathing rate, and/or heart rate (ECG) patterns associated with the particular individual. For example, the unique identifier, e.g., an alphanumeric code and the like, may be implemented as a personal identifier assigned to an individual. Another example is a unique identifier reflective of an individual trait, such as a physiologic pattern or a medical condition. To illustrate, a patient may ingest an IEM 110 integrated with medication. The IEM 110 may communicate the therapeutic and wellness data 135 (including IEM data) to a receiver, such as the receiver 130B configured as a patch receiver. Moreover, the IEM data may include the above-described unique identifiers, which may be compared to data at the receiver 130B to validate that the data came from the individual being monitored and/or to indicate the individual trait, such as a physiologic pattern or a medical condition. Although the above describes the IEM data originating from a device, such as IEM 110, that is ingested, the IEM data, as well as the therapeutic and wellness data 135, may be from one or more of the following: an inhalable device, an injectable device, an implantable device, an insertable device, and an imbibable device, and the therapeutic and wellness data 135.

The inhalable device may include, for example, a microchip attached to, embedded in, or otherwise integrated with a device. The inhalable device is capable of determining parameter(s) associated with inhalation, e.g., measuring or tallying doses of an inhalant, inhalation time, identify an inhaled substance, etc.

The injectable device may include, for example, a microchip attached to, embedded in, or otherwise integrated with a device. The injectable device is capable of ascertaining parameter(s) associated with injection, e.g., time of injection, identification of an injected substance, etc. The injectable device may be configured to be injected into a human body or a non-human body, e.g., injection into the circulatory system.

The implantable device may include, for example, a microchip attached to, embedded in, or otherwise integrated with a device. The implantable device is capable of ascertaining parameter(s) associated with implantation, e.g., time of implantation, physiologic parameters such as heart rate, EKG data, activity management data, temperature, galvanic skin response data, respiratory data, fluid status data, heart rate variability, etc. The implantable device may be implemented as an implantable receiver 130A for receiving various data. The implantable receiver may also process, store, transmit, etc. data to hub 140, as well as other devices. Various other implantable devices include, for example, heart monitors and the like having a microchip to ascertain parameter(s), e.g., heart rate, heart pressure, etc.

The insertable device may include, for example, a microchip. The microchip may be independently deployed inside the body, e.g., implemented as a microchip mechanically associated with a suppository for rectal insertion, vaginal insertion, etc. The microchip may also be attached to, embedded in, or otherwise integrated within another device. The insertable device is capable of ascertaining parameter(s) associated with insertion, e.g., time of insertion, physiologic parameters such environmental content/fluid identification, etc.

The imbibable device may include, for example, a microchip attached to, embedded in, or otherwise integrated with a substance, e.g., a potable solution or fluid such as a beverage, etc. The imbibable device is capable of ascertaining parameter(s) associated with imbibing, e.g., time of drinking, physiologic parameters such as environmental content/fluid identification, etc. The imbibable device may be implemented as a microchip and imbibed together with a beverage, which may aid in swallowing and used as a medication, etc.

Further, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be associated with administration of a therapeutic agent, etc. For example, administration includes, but is not limited to, parenteral administration, i.e., administration in a manner other than through the alimentary system.

The hub 140 may provide the therapeutic and wellness data 135 to another device, such as the IEM data system 150. For example, the hub 140 may receive the therapeutic and wellness data 135 from receiver 130B and IEM 110, and then forward the therapeutic and wellness data 135 to one or more of the IEM data systems 150. The hub 140 may be included within any other device. For example, the hub 140 may be implemented as one or more of the following: a personal communication device, a base station, a mobile telephone, and any other device configured to receive therapeutic and wellness data 135 and forward that data to another device.

The hub 140 may be configured to execute software, such as a software agent, or an application, to process therapeutic and wellness data 135. For example, a software agent may be preconfigured, e.g., configurable by the manufacturer, retailer, or consumer, and configurable after download from, for example, a storage medium or a website. In one implementation, the downloaded software is an auto-refill application related to or integrated with a commercial system 165, e.g., an auto-refill system to facilitate automated prescription refill functions. In some implementations, the hub 140 may be incorporated into one or more of the IEM 110, wellness devices 112, receivers 130A-B, IEM data system 150, and the like.

For example, the hub 140 may be implemented using a personal communication device including communication and processing functionality. Examples of personal communication devices include a handheld device or a computer configured with a communication capability, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, GSM, and/or any other wireless mechanism. The personal communication device may include a processor, a display screen with a touch input functionality, a miniature keyboard, etc. Examples of handheld devices include a personal digital assistant (PDA), smart phones, enterprise digital assistants offering integrated data capture devices like bar code, radio frequency identification (RFID), and smart card readers, etc.

The base station may be implemented as any device or appliance capable of receiving data, such as the therapeutic and wellness data 135. Examples of base stations include computers, such as desktop computers and laptop computers, and intelligent devices/appliances. The base station includes systems, subsystems, devices, and/or components that receive, transmit, and/or relay the therapeutic and wellness data 135. In various aspects, the base station communicably interoperates with a receiver and a communications network, such as the Internet. In various aspects, the base station may be embodied as an integrated unit or as distributed components, e.g., a desktop computer and a mobile telephone in communication with one another and in communication with a receiver and the Internet and/or a wireless network.

Furthermore, the base station may be incorporated into and/or communicate with various devices. These various devices include, for example, clock radios; intelligent pill dispensers; pill managers, e.g., devices capable of receiving various substances and producing a combined substance, dose(s) of substances, etc.; pharmaceutical compounding devices; intelligent devices such as scales; blood pressure measurement devices; exercise equipment, e.g., tread mills; body weight sensors; motion sensors; position sensors, e.g., bed sensors; chair sensors; portals in doorways; refrigerator and food devices; bathroom facilities devices; and the like. The intelligent devices/appliances include consumer and home devices and appliances that are capable of receipt of data and data processing, such as transmitting, displaying, and/or storing data. Moreover, the intelligent devices/appliances may include functionality such as sensing or monitoring various physiologic parameters, e.g., weight, heart rate, etc. Examples of intelligent devices/appliances include devices and appliances having refrigerators, weight scales, toilets, televisions, doorframe activity monitors, bedside monitors, and bed scales.

In some implementations, the hub 140 is configured to ensure privacy requirements via predetermined methods, e.g., a source of therapeutic and wellness data 135 representing an individual's ingestion of medication is considered sensitive data requiring some form of data protection. Although the signals associated with the sensitive therapeutic and wellness data 135 may remain undetectable beyond the individual's body, once received by the receiver 1358 or hub 140, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be cleansed or encrypted before being forwarded within system 100.

Furthermore, the hub 140 may be configured to include combinations of devices. One such combination is a receiver configured as a patch in communication with a hub 140, implemented as a handheld device or a mobile telephone. For example, the patch receiver wirelessly transmits therapeutic and wellness data 135 to the mobile telephone having a receiver and a software agent. The receiver of the mobile telephone receives the IEM data. The software agent processes the therapeutic and wellness data 135 and presents information related to the therapeutic and wellness data 135 via, for example, a graphical user interface (GUI). In some aspects, the software agent generates displays with a predetermined “look and feel,” i.e., recognizable to a user as belonging to a predetermined group of software programs, GUIs, source devices, communities, etc. To illustrate further, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include data about an ingested medication. Once the therapeutic and wellness data 135 are received by the mobile phone, which in this example is configured to function as a receiver, a hub, and an IEM data system, the software agent may compare the data about the medication to a predetermined medication regimen. Upon verification that the proper medication has been ingested at the proper time, the software agent disables an audible alarm scheduled to alert the individual to take the (already ingested) medication, thus averting an unnecessary reminder. The software agent, via the GUI, displays a standard message to the individual notifying of the medication ingested and the time of the next dosage.

Moreover, the software agent may include functionality to generate or facilitate a financial transaction. In one example, upon occurrence of a certain event, such as verification that the proper medication has been ingested at the proper time, the software agent generates a predetermined charge for the ingested medication, the verification service, or both. The charge is transmitted to a financial system. For example, the patient's mobile phone transmits the charge via an IEM data system to a commercial system associated with the patient's financial institution, where the charge is automatically applied against a financial account of the patient. The software agent may also contact other commercial systems 165 to order additional medication, consult with a physician, consult with a pharmacist, and the like.

System 100 may also include one or more IEM data systems 150. The IEM data system 150 may be implemented as a computer configured to receive therapeutic and wellness data 135 from the hub 140 and present the therapeutic and wellness data 135 in conjunction with other information. IEM data systems 150 may, for example, collect, manipulate, calculate, transmit, receive, store, and/or communicate at least a portion of the therapeutic and wellness data 135. Each of the IEM data systems 150 may be configured around predefined function(s) or service(s) provided via system 100, and may be integrated, interoperate, intercommunicate, otherwise share, or further the collection, management, distribution/dissemination, billing, and/or other activities related to the therapeutic and wellness data 135. Furthermore, one or more IEM data systems 150 may be associated with one or more commercial systems 165, and may share the therapeutic and wellness data 135 with the commercial systems 165.

The IEM data systems 150 may include one or more of the following: a therapy controller; a response determinator; a feedback loop systems for providing feedback to a user regarding whether medication integrated with an IEM 110 has been taken properly; decision support systems; auto prescription refill systems; patient tools including web sites, databases, tracking tools to assist a patient in health management and well being; behavioral medicine systems to monitor behavioral data using questionnaires, profile assessments, and the like; incentive systems to provide incentives, rebates, and coupons to a patient; personalized commercial products and services, such as integrating a receiver into an earring or adorning the receiver with a cartoon character; auto billing systems for billing a patient or a corresponding insurance company based on therapeutic and wellness data representing usage of the system 100 or representing medicine associated with IEM 110; tracking systems to track the medicine associated with the IEM 110 from manufacture to consumption; interdiction systems to aid law enforcement in searching, seizing, and/or tracking the medicine associated with the IEM 110; subscription systems to provide integrated information feeds from one or more sources of information, such as web sites, personalized medical information, medical alert services, music, community information, and the like; data collections and storage systems for the therapeutic and wellness data; approval systems to enable a physician and/or a pharmacist to approve a refill request, a dosage of medicine associated with the IEM, and the like; forecasting systems for aggregating data and/or facilitating analysis of the aggregated data to generate predictive information; financial systems to support financial transactions associated with the system 100; an IEM data phone system configured to execute applications, such as pill regimen scheduling, alerts, reminders, patient tools, social networking, billing, subscription services, approvals, and financial transactions.

Commercial systems 165 may include one or more systems, such as a financial system, a pharmacy system, a healthcare system, an insurance system, an employer system, a government system, and any other system(s) that an IEM data system 150 may access, provide, share, and/or retrieve information in connection with processing the therapeutic and wellness data 135.

FIG. 2 depicts an example of an IEM data system 250, including a response determinator 255, a response 257, and a therapy controller 260. The IEM data system 250 and, in particular, the response determinator 255 determines a response to a dosage of a substance using the therapeutic and wellness data 135. The therapy controller 260 uses the determined response to control the administration of the substance.

In some implementations, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 received from IEM 110 and/or wellness devices 112 includes an indication of a dosing event, such as an ingestion time, an identification of the ingested substance, a dose, i.e., an amount of the ingested substance, and the like. Moreover, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be processed to develop a profile representing how a given drug affects (e.g., in terms of pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic models) a patient. In some implementations, the response determinator 255 determines this profile as the response 257 described further below.

Once the response 257 is determined, therapy controller 260 uses the determined response 257 to forecast the impact of the substance, e.g., the medication, on the patient. The response 257 may represent the effect of a dose on a patient and may be used to forecast the effect of given subsequent doses. For example, the response 257 may model the effect of serum levels based on a single dose of a medicine integrated with the IEM 110. The therapy controller 260 may include a control-loop, described further below with respect to FIG. 7, to control, based on response 257, the administration of the medicine integrated with the IEM 110. For example, one might find, as determined from therapeutic and wellness data 135, that a patient is not doing so well at a given time. One might look back at the response 257 and determine that the levels of the medicine in the blood are getting low when the patient is sensed as not doing well. The therapy controller 260 may use the response 257 to make a determination to vary, e.g., increase, decrease, or maintain, the dosing frequency or vary the dose, e.g., the amount. In short, the IEM 110 and the therapeutic and wellness data 135 (which is includes IEM data) provides a way to develop the response 257 and then control the administration of the medicine.

FIG. 3A depicts an example plot 300, in which the patient takes doses of medication at times 10, 12, 14, 16, and 17. The medication is integrated with the IEM 110, and the IEM data (which is included in the therapeutic and wellness data 135) includes dose event information including the times 10-17 the doses were taken. The dose times 10-17 were taken at uneven time intervals. Moreover, the plot 300 depicts that the therapeutic range 18 is bound by a toxic limit 20 and a lower limit 22. The serum concentration in this plot rises above toxic limit 20 and drops below the lower limit 22 due to the uneven dosing times. The data of plot 300 may be used as therapeutic and wellness data 135.

The response determinator 255 may use the therapeutic and wellness data 135 (including IEM data) to determine the response 257. The IEM data system 250 may then use the determined response to control therapy. Specifically, the therapy controller 260 may control when and how much of a dosage a patient should take given the response 257. For example, at point 14, the IEM data system 250 may use the response 257 to determine that at point 14 a dose should not be taken at time 14 or, if a dose is taken, that the dose be reduced to avoid the toxic limit 20. In this example, the IEM data system 250 may control the administration by, for example, sending an alert to the patient indicating an amount and/or a time medication should be ingested. Moreover, IEM data system 250 may control the “optimum” times a patient should take a given dose, and then monitor the actual consumption via the therapeutic and wellness data 135. In contrast to FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B depicts a plot 400 in which the patient takes doses of regular medication at times 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9, and the serum blood levels are controlled by therapy controller 260 to stay within an acceptable range 8, i.e., below the toxic limit 20 and above the lower limit 22.

The therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include event data representing the time a dose of a substance integrated with an IEM 110 was taken. Moreover, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include different types of data including one or more of the following: ingestion event information, such as ingestion time, identification of the ingested substance, expiration date of the substance, and dosage amount; physiological parameters associated with a response to a dose; dosage of an intravenous substance; heart rate; blood pressure measurements; optical measurements of blood; body temperature; weight; subjective measures of wellness as reported by a patient or a healthcare provider; and the like.

FIG. 4 shows an example of therapeutic and wellness data 135 in the form of blood pressure measurements 410 and dosing events 420 over time in hours. The dose events 420 are determined from the consumption of the IEM 110, and the dose events 420 may be correlated with the blood pressure data 410. The response determinator 255 uses the dose events 410 and blood pressure measurements to determine the response 257, although the response determinator 255 may use other types of data to determine the response 257. The response 257 thus represents how a system, e.g., an organism, a patient, etc., reacts to the dose integrated with the IEM 110.

The response 257 may be determined in a variety of ways. However, in some implementations, the response 257 is determined as follows:

Y=A H   Equation 1,

wherein matrix A and matrix H are multiplied to yield matrix Y, wherein the matrix Y represents a matrix of observations, the matrix A represents the dose events, and the matrix H represents the response 257, e.g., the reaction of a patient given a dose of the substance, such as a drug.

The matrix of observations Y represents therapeutic and wellness data 135. For example, the matrix of observations Y may correspond to an n by 1 matrix, wherein n corresponds the number of measurements, e.g., observations, samples, etc. To illustrate, if the serum concentration observations 300 of FIG. 3A includes 300 measurements, n is equal to the 300 sample measurements. In this example, the Y matrix is 300 by 1 matrix. Although the previous example used serum concentration as the observations, any other type of therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be used as well. For example, the matrix of observations Y may include other types of therapeutic and wellness data 135, such as the blood pressure measurements at times 2-9 of FIG. 3B, and the like.

The dose events A represent the times when the IEM 110 signaled that a dose was taken. For example, the dose events A may include dosage times 10-17, dosage times 420 at FIG. 4, and the like. Moreover, the dose events may be represented as real time values when the doses are taken or as binary values. For example, the real times may be represented as actual time values, e.g., 12:01:00 PM, and the binary values may be represented as 0, 0, 0, and 1, wherein the zeroes represent that no dosing events were detected at the first three time intervals, but the last interval includes a dosing event. In some implementations, the dose events matrix A may be implemented as an n by m matrix, wherein m represents the quantity of dosage times. Referring to FIG. 4, there are 28 times, which are represented by the diamonds at 420, so m is equal to 28.

The response matrix H may model the reaction of a patient given a dose of the substance, such as a drug. The reaction may be measured by sensors, such as the IEM 110 or the wellness devices 112. In some implementations, the response matrix H is implemented as an m by 1 matrix.

Although the matrices A, H, and Y are each described in terms of a matrix, matrices A, H, and Y may also be implemented in other ways, such as a vector, a data structure, and the like.

The response matrix H may be determined in a variety of ways, but in some implementations, the response matrix H may be determined using the following equation:

H=(A ^(T) A)⁻¹ A ^(T) Y   Equation 2,

wherein the A^(T) represents the transpose of matrix A, (A^(T) A)⁻¹ represents the inverse of the result of a matrix multiplication of matrix A and matrix A^(T). The resulting response matrix H may be used as the response, e.g., of a patient, over time given a single dose. Although the above solves for the response using matrix H, the response matrix H may be solved using other approaches, including, for example, a general linear model.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of the response 257, which is plotted at 510 with a smoothed estimate 512 of the plotted response 510. The response 257 plotted at 510 corresponds to the response matrix H determined using, for example, Equation 2 above. The response 257 plotted at 510 is depicted for a single dose given a single type of therapeutic and wellness data 135, e.g., blood pressure change data given a single dose taken at time zero (0). Although FIG. 5 depicts a response determined using blood pressure data, other types of therapeutic and wellness data 135 and corresponding responses may be determined using the response matrix H.

Although the above example represents a single dose, the response matrix H may be determined for multiple doses. When that is the case, the following equation may be used:

Y=A ₁ H ₁ +A ₂ H ₂   Equation 3,

wherein the matrix A₁ represents dose events associated with a dose, matrix H₁ represents the response for matrix A₁, matrix A₂ represents dose events associated with another dose, matrix H₂ represent the dose response for matrix A₂, and matrix Y represents the observations included in the therapeutic and wellness data 135. Moreover, the response matrixes H₁ and H₂ may be solved in a variety of ways. For example, the combined matrixes H₁ and H₂ may be solved based on the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {Y = {\left\lbrack {A_{1}A_{2}} \right\rbrack*{\begin{bmatrix} H_{1} \\ H_{2} \end{bmatrix}.}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4} \end{matrix}$

In some implementations, a plurality of types of therapeutic and wellness data 135 may be used. These different types of data may be provided by IEM 110 and/or wellness devices 112 and included in the therapeutic and wellness data 135. Moreover, the different types of data may be used to determine a response matrix H, either as a separate matrix or a combined matrix. The following equations may be used in connection with different types of data:

Y₁=A₁ H₁   Equations 5-6,

Y₂=A₃ H₂

wherein matrix Y₁ may correspond to a first type of data, and Y₂ may correspond to another type of data. For example, Y₁ may correspond to the weight of the patient over time, and Y₂ may correspond to blood glucose measurements over time received from one of the wellness devices 112. The data Y₁ and Y₂ may be included in the therapeutic and wellness data 135. In this example, the response determinator 255 may calculate the responses matrices H₁ and H₂, separately or in combination.

FIG. 6 depicts a process 600 for determining a response.

At 610, IEM data may be received. For example, response determinator 255 may receive therapeutic and wellness data 135 from the hub 140. The therapeutic and wellness data 135 may include one or more of the following types of data: ingestion event information, such as ingestion time, identification of the ingested substance, expiration data of the substance, and dosage amount; physiological parameters associated with a response to a dose; dosage of an intravenous substance; heart rate; blood pressure measurements; optical measurements of blood; body temperature; weight; subjective measures of wellness as reported by a patient or a healthcare provider; measuring or tallying doses of an inhalant; an inhalation time; an identity of an inhaled substance; EKG data; activity management data; galvanic skin response data; respiratory data; fluid status data; heart rate variability; a time of insertion; a time of drinking; and the like.

At 620, a response may be determined. For example, the response determinator 255 may determine the response 257 to one or more doses of medicine integrated with the IEM 110. The response determinator 255 may use one or more types of therapeutic and wellness data 135 and one or more of Equations 1-6 to determine the response 257 as the response matrix H. Although the response may be determined using Equations 1-6, other numerical techniques may be used as well to determine the response 257. For example, the response may be determined using one or more of the following techniques: least-squares approximation, maximum-likelihood methods, Bayesian estimation, Weiner filtering, Kalman filtering, Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator, neural networks, and function optimization techniques.

Moreover, in some implementations, the type of therapeutic and wellness data 135 corresponds to the type of response 257. For example, if blood pressure medication is integrated with the IEM 110, the type of therapeutic and wellness data 135 used to determine the response 257 corresponds to measurements indicative of blood pressure, such as blood pressure measurements received from one of the wellness devices 112 as well as dose event data from the IEM 110. However, in some implementations, the type of therapeutic and wellness data 135 used to determine the response 257 may not be directly linked to the type of response. For example, returning to the previous blood pressure example, the therapeutic and wellness data 135 may further include body temperature measurements, weight, heart rate, data from smart appliances, and subjective data reported by the patient providing an indication of perceived wellness.

At 630, the response determinator 255 provides the determined response 257 to therapy controller 260. The response 257 provided at 630 may be modified to represent a population or a subset of the population rather than a single patient. The term population refers to all users of the substance being administered at system 100, and the term subset of the population refers to a group of the population, such as a subset chosen based on a trait or a demographic, e.g., all females. For example, the responses of a plurality of patients may be combined to determine the response 257 representative of a population or a subset of the population. In some implementations, rather using the response provided at 630, the response 257 is obtained from other sources. For example, the response 257 may be provided by mechanisms, such as a web site, another system, medical journals, pharmacodynamic studies, pharmacokinetic studies, and the like.

The determined dose response 257 may be used by therapy controller 260 to control therapy of a patient by controlling the dose or when the dose is administered. For example, the response 257, e.g., a dose response, provided at 630 may be used by therapy controller 260 to optimize therapy using a closed-loop control system. Although the therapy controller 260 is described with respect to a closed-loop control system, other control mechanisms may be used as well. For example, instead of a closed-loop control system, one or more of the following may be used: a model-based controller, an optimization controller, a state variable controller, a neural network, a non-linear controller, a linear controller, an adaptive controller, Kalman filtering, a Bayesian controller, a fuzzy logic controller, a machine learning controller, a genetic algorithm controller, a stochastic controller, an intelligent controller, and the like.

FIG. 7 depicts an example of therapy controller 260 implemented as a closed-loop control system. The therapy controller 260 may include a controller 710, a system 720 representing a response, and one or more sensors 730.

The therapy controller 260 may be used to control the administration of one or more doses of a substance to achieve a desired output. Generally, the controller 710 receives a measured error 708, generates the input 709 to the system 720, and repeatedly generates the input 709 to achieve a desired output 735 at system 720. The measured error 708 represents feedback to the controller 710. Because system 720 represents a response, e.g., a dose response of a patient, the controller 710 is, in effect, varying the dose, e.g., the dose, e.g., amount, of the substance integrated with the IEM 110, and/or varying the time the dose is administered.

To illustrate with an example, given a measured output 708 of 109.0 mmHG, e.g. from a blood pressure measurement device, the set point 702 for this type of measurement may be 110.5 mmHG. The set point 702 may be a predetermined value and, in some cases, may be equal to a reference value, such as a desired blood pressure for a patient. Next, controller 710 receives the measured error 708 of 1.5 mmHG, i.e., the difference 704 between 110.5 and 109.5. The measured error 708 of 1.5 mmHG is then used by the controller 710 to generate the input 709 to the system 720. The input 709 causes system 720 to generate the desired output 735, such as the dose of the substance integrated with the IEM 110, and/or varying the time the dose of the substance is administered.

Referring again to FIG. 5, when the system 720 corresponds to, for example, response 510, system 720 provides the desired output 735 indicative of another dosage of medication as FIG. 5 represents that a dose increases blood pressure by 1.5 mmHG. This indication may be provided as an alert to be sent to the patient and/or may control a sensor to administer the substance. For example, the desired output 735 may cause an alert to the patient to ingest another dose of the medication integrated with an IEM or vary the dosage amount, the effects of which are monitored by sensors 730. In this example, the additional ingested dose of the substance, e.g., medication, may control therapy by increasing the patient's blood pressure to the desired 110.5 mmHG. One or more of the sensors 730 may provide the measured output 706 of 110.5 mmHG. The value of 110.5 mmHG is feedback provided to the difference component 704, at which point the above-described feedback process repeats generating another output 735, and so forth as described above.

The therapy controller 260 thus repeatedly controls the dose and/or the time the dose is administered, e.g., the sensors 730 repeatedly provide the measured output 706, the controller 710 repeatedly receives measured error 708 and repeatedly provides input 709 to system 720, and so forth. Returning to the previous example, as long as the measured error 708 remains zero (0), the controller 710 may generate the input 709, such that the output 735 does not correspond to another dose of the substance integrated with the IEM since the measured error indicates that the measured blood pressure of 110.5 equals the desired blood pressure of 110.5. However, when the blood pressure rises or falls, this change is detected by sensors 730, and sent as feedback, e.g., measured output 706, repeating the above described control-loop process to vary the administration of the substance, e.g., medication, integrated with the IEM.

Although the previous example is described with respect to blood pressure measurements, any other type of data, e.g., therapeutic and wellness data, may be provided by sensors 730 and used as feedback to controller 710. Moreover, although the previous example is described with respect to the response depicted at FIG. 5, other responses may be used as well.

The sensors 730 may include one or more IEMs 110 and one or more wellness devices 112. Moreover, the sensors 730 may provide the therapeutic and wellness data 135 or any data indicative of aspects of a patient being administered a therapy with the IEM 110.

The system 720 represents the response of the system being controlled. For example, the system 720 may be implemented as the response 257 provided at 630, although responses from other sources may be used as well. Moreover, the response 257 used by system 720 may represent an individual, a population, such as all patients ingesting the medication, or a subset of the population, such as a specific demographic or trait. In any case, the system 720 generally represents the patient using the substance integrated with the IEM 110.

Moreover, in some implementations, the difference component 704 is implemented as a difference amplifier, although digital implementations may be used as well. The controller 710 may be implemented as a filter, a phase-locked loop, although digital implementations may be used as well.

FIG. 8 depicts a process 800 for controlling therapy using therapy controller 260.

At 810, a dose response is received. For example, therapy controller 260 may receive the response 257 provided at 630. The response 257 may be used as the system 720. Alternatively, the response used by system 720 may be obtained from other sources, such as a web site, another system, medical journals, pharmacodynamic studies, pharmacokinetic studies, and the like. Moreover, the system 720 may include a plurality of responses to provide comprehensive control of the overall wellness of the patient ingesting the IEMs 110 and integrated substance.

At 820, IEM data may be received. For example, IEM 110 and/or wellness devices 112 may provide therapeutic and wellness data 135. In this regard, the IEM 110 and/or wellness devices 112 operate as sensors 730, providing the measured output 706 in the form of therapeutic and wellness data 135. The measured output is processed further to obtain the measured error 708, which is provided to controller 710.

At 830, controller 710 controls therapy, e.g., the administration of a drug, by providing the input 709 to system 720. The controller 710 may vary, i.e., increase, decrease, or maintain, its output, which serves as the input 709. Moreover, this variation is determined based on the measured error 708. For example, in some implementations, the controller 710 repeatedly varies input 709 until the measured output 706 is about equal to the set point 702, which represents a predetermined, reference value. The system 720 thus generates the output 735 in response to the input 709. Moreover, the output 735 may be provided to one or more of the sensors 730 and/or may be provided as an alert to a patient using the IEM 110 and integrated substance. For example, the output 735 may be sent to a wellness device that controls a dose administered to a patient or controls the time, and thus frequency, of administration of the dose. Moreover, the alert may be provided to the commercial system(s) 165 to provide information to, for example, a physician, a pharmacist, etc.

In some implementations, the subject matter described herein may provide one or more of the following advantages. For example, the use of IEM 110 and therapeutic and wellness data 135 may provide direct measurement of dosing events rather than data that is self-reported by a patient, and thus more likely to be in error. Moreover, the receivers 130A-B may be implemented to monitor continuously for various types of IEM data. This continuous data monitoring may provide a more complete picture of the well-being of the patient, when compared to monitoring only a single aspect of the patient. Moreover, the continuous monitoring by receivers 130 may allow data aggregation. Data aggregation allows data to be correlated and then mined to identify symptoms not readily identified with only a single type of data. Moreover, data mining may be used to identify data anomalies or patterns, which can be incorporated into treating the patient using therapy controller 260. For example, data mining may be used to uncover relationships related to patient demographics, co-pharmacy, nutrition, etc. In short, the data aggregation may provide a more complete picture of the therapy being provided to the patient and the corresponding well-being of that patient, when compared to only a single type, or mode, of data obtained from a sensor.

Moreover, in some implementations, the subject matter described herein may be used to control behavior. Referring to FIG. 1, the matrix of observations Y may include values representative of a patient's adherence to a therapy (e.g., a time value when a patient takes a medication, an error value representing a time difference between when the patient takes medication and when the patient is supposed to (per a therapy regime) take the medication, and so forth), and the matrix A represents an indication of an intervention (e.g., a call or an email from a nurse to remind the patient to take the medication, and the like) or an incentive (e.g., a discount on the medication, a discount on an insurance policy, and the like). In this example, the matrix H represents the response 257 of the patient to the incentive or intervention. As such, the response 257 may be used to control the incentives and/or interventions in order to obtain a desired response in a given patient (which may be unique to that patient).

The subject matter described herein may be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desired configuration. In particular, various implementations of the subject matter described may be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations may include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. For example, the components of, e.g., wellness devices 112, IEM 110, receivers 130A-B, hub 140, IEM data systems 150 and 250, response determinator 255, therapy controller 260, and/or aspects of processes 600 and 800 may be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software (including computer programs), and/or combinations thereof.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications, applications, components, or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and may be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computer program product, computer-readable medium, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor. Similarly, systems are also described herein that may include a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory may include one or more programs that cause the processor to perform one or more of the operations described herein.

Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and/or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the implementations described above may be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and subcombinations of several further features disclosed above. In addition, the logic flow depicted in the accompanying figures and/or described herein does not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. The foregoing description is intended to illustrate but not to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A system comprising: a processor; and at least one memory, the processor and the at least one memory configured to: receive dose event data A; receive observations of therapeutic and wellness data Y; and determine, based on the received observations of therapeutic and wellness data and the received dose event data, a response H representing a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker, according to the following equation: Y=A H; wherein Y represents a matrix of observations of therapeutic and wellness data, A represents a matrix of dose event data, and H represents a response matrix.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the therapeutic and wellness data includes ingestible event marker data received from the ingestible event marker integrated with the substance, the ingestible event marker providing a signal when the substance is ingested.
 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the dose events matrix A represents a number of times when an ingestible event marker signaled that a dose was taken.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the dose events of the matrix A are represented as real time values of when the doses are taken.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the real time values are represented as actual time values of when the doses are taken.
 26. The system of claim 23, wherein the dose events of the matrix A are represented as binary values of when the doses are taken.
 27. The system of claim 26, wherein a first binary value represents that no dosing event was detected and a second binary value represents that a dosing event was detected.
 28. The system of claim 21, wherein the therapeutic and wellness data includes data representative of physiological aspects associated with the ingestion of the ingestible event marker and the substance.
 29. The system of claim 21, wherein the therapeutic and wellness data includes one or more of the following: an ingestion time; an identification of the substance; an expiration date of the substance; a dosage amount for the substance; one or more physiological parameters associated with the reaction to at least one dose of the substance; a dosage of an intravenous substance; a heart rate; a blood pressure measurement; an optical measurement; a body temperature; a weight; an amount of an inhalant; an inhalation time; an identity of an inhaled substance; a galvanic skin response; an insertion time; and a drinking time.
 30. The system of claim 21, comprising: a therapy controller configured to control, based on the response matrix H, at least one of an amount the substance and a time of the substance is ingested.
 31. A system comprising: a processor; at least one memory, the processor and the at least one memory configured to: receive dose event data A; receive observations of therapeutic and wellness data Y; and determine, based on the received observations of therapeutic and wellness data and the received dose event data, a response H representing a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker, according to the following equation: Y=A H; wherein Y represents a matrix of observations of therapeutic and wellness data, A represents a matrix of dose event data, and H represents a response matrix; and a therapy controller to control, based on the response data and the therapeutic and wellness data, at least one of a dose of the substance and a time of the dose of the substance.
 32. The system of claim 31, wherein the therapy controller is configured to control at least one of the dose of the substance and the time of the dose of the substance using a closed-loop.
 33. The system of claim 31, wherein the therapy controller is configured to vary an input to the response to generate an output of the response using a closed-loop, the output corresponding to at least one of the dose of the substance and the time of the dose of the substance.
 34. The system of claim 31, wherein the ingestible event marker data are received from the ingestible event marker integrated with the substance, the ingestible event marker providing a signal when the substance is ingested.
 35. The system of claim 31 wherein the therapeutic and wellness data represent physiological aspects associated with the ingestion of the ingestible event marker and the substance.
 36. The system of claim 31, wherein the response data is determined based on the reaction of at least one of an individual patient, a population, and a subset of the population.
 37. A method comprising: receiving, by a processor and at least one memory coupled to the processor, dose event data A; receiving, by the processor and the at least one memory coupled to the processor, observations of therapeutic and wellness data Y; and determining, by the processor and the at least one memory coupled to the processor, based on the received observations of therapeutic and wellness data and the received dose event data, a response H representing a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker, according to the following equation: Y=A H; wherein Y represents a matrix of observations of therapeutic and wellness data, A represents a matrix of dose event data, and H represents a response matrix.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the therapeutic and wellness data includes ingestible event marker data received from the ingestible event marker integrated with the substance, the method comprising receiving a signal generated by the ingestible event marker when the substance is ingested.
 39. The method of claim 37, comprising representing the dose events matrix A as a number of times when an ingestible event marker signaled that a dose was taken.
 40. The method of claim 39, comprising representing the dose events of the matrix A as real time values of when the doses are taken.
 41. The method of claim 40, comprising representing the real time values as actual time values of when the doses are taken.
 42. The method of claim 49, comprising representing the dose events of the matrix A as binary values of when the doses are taken.
 43. The method of claim 42, comprising representing no detection of a dosing event as a first binary value and representing detection of a dosing event as a second binary value.
 44. The method of claim 37, wherein the therapeutic and wellness data includes data representative of physiological aspects associated with the ingestion of the ingestible event marker and the substance.
 45. The method of claim 37, wherein the therapeutic and wellness data includes one or more of the following: an ingestion time; an identification of the substance; an expiration date of the substance; a dosage amount for the substance; one or more physiological parameters associated with the reaction to at least one dose of the substance; a dosage of an intravenous substance; a heart rate; a blood pressure measurement; an optical measurement; a body temperature; a weight; an amount of an inhalant; an inhalation time; an identity of an inhaled substance; a galvanic skin response; an insertion time; and a drinking time.
 46. The method of claim 37, comprising controlling, by a therapy controller coupled to the processor and the at least one memory, at least one of an amount the substance and a time of the substance is ingested based on the response matrix H.
 47. A method comprising: receiving, by a processor and at least one memory coupled to the processor, dose event data A; receiving, by the processor and the at least one memory, observations of therapeutic and wellness data Y; and determining, by the processor and the at least one memory, based on the received observations of therapeutic and wellness data and the received dose event data, a response H representing a reaction to a substance integrated with an ingestible event marker, according to the following equation: Y=A H; wherein Y represents a matrix of observations of therapeutic and wellness data, A represents a matrix of dose event data, and H represents a response matrix; and controlling, by a therapy controller coupled to the processor and the at least one memory, at least one of a dose of the substance and a time of the dose of the substance based on the response data and the therapeutic and wellness data.
 48. The method of claim 47, comprising controlling, by the therapy controller, at least one of the dose of the substance and the time of the dose of the substance using a closed-loop.
 49. The method of claim 47, comprising: varying, by the therapy controller, an input to the response; and generating an output of the response using a closed-loop, the output corresponding to at least one of the dose of the substance and the time of the dose of the substance.
 50. The method of claim 47, comprising receiving, by the processor and the at least memory coupled to the processor, the ingestible event marker data from the ingestible event marker integrated with the substance, the ingestible event marker providing a signal when the substance is ingested.
 51. The method of claim 47, comprising representing, by the processor and the at least memory coupled to the processor, the therapeutic and wellness data as physiological aspects associated with the ingestion of the ingestible event marker and the substance.
 52. The method of claim 47, comprising determining, by the processor and the at least memory coupled to the processor, the response data based on the reaction of at least one of an individual patient, a population, and a subset of the population. 